内容表

Starting point
Hints and tips
Project brief
Steps to complete
Assessment or further help
In this module

Adding features to our bouncing balls demo

In this assessment, you are expected to use the bouncing balls demo from the previous article as a starting point, and add some new and interesting features to it.

Prerequisites:	Before attempting this assessment you should have already worked through all the articles in this module.
Objective:	To test comprehension of JavaScript objects and object-oriented constructs

Starting point

To get this assessment started, make a local copy of index-finished.html , style.css ，和 main-finished.js from our last article in a new directory in your local computer.

Alternatively, you could use a site like JSBin or Glitch to do your assessment. You could paste the HTML, CSS and JavaScript into one of these online editors. If the online editor you are using doesn't have separate JavaScript/CSS panels, feel free to put them inline <script> / <style> elements inside the HTML page.

注意： If you get stuck, then ask us for help — see the Assessment or further help section at the bottom of this page.

Hints and tips

A couple of pointers before you get started.

This assessment is quite challenging. Read the whole assessment before you start coding, and take each step slowly and carefully.
It might be a good idea to save a separate copy of the demo after you get each stage working, so you can refer back to it if you find yourself in trouble later on.

Project brief

Our bouncy ball demo is fun, but now we want to make it a little bit more interactive by adding a user-controlled evil circle, which will eat the balls if it catches them. We also want to test your object-building skills by creating a generic Shape() object that our balls and evil circle can inherit from. Finally, we want to add a score counter to track the number of balls left to capture.

The following screenshot gives you an idea of what the finished program should look like:

To give you more of an idea, have a look at the finished example (no peeking at the source code!)

Steps to complete

The following sections describe what you need to do.

Create a Shape class

First of all, create a new 形状 class. This has only a constructor. The 形状 constructor should define the x , y , velX ，和 velY properties in the same way as the Ball() constructor did originally, but not the color and size 特性。

Ball class should be made to derive from 形状 使用 extends . The constructor for Ball should:

take the same arguments as before: x , y , velX , velY , size ，和 color
call the 形状 constructor using super() , passing in the x , y , velX ，和 velY arguments
initialize its own color and size properties from the parameters it is given.

Ball constructor should define a new property called exists , which is used to track whether the balls exist in the program (have not been eaten by the evil circle). This should be a boolean ( true / false ), initialized to true in the constructor.

collisionDetect() 方法在 Ball class needs a small update. A ball needs to be considered for collision detection only if the exists 特性为 true . So, replace the existing collisionDetect() code with the following code:

collisionDetect() {
  for (const ball of balls) {
    if (!(this === ball) && ball.exists) {
      const dx = this.x - ball.x;
      const dy = this.y - ball.y;
      const distance = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
      if (distance < this.size + ball.size) {
        ball.color = this.color = randomRGB();
      }
    }
  }
}

As discussed above, the only addition is to check if the ball exists — by using ball.exists 在 if conditional.

The ball draw() and update() method definitions should be able to stay exactly the same as they were before.

At this point, try reloading the code — it should work just the same as it did before, with our redesigned objects.

Defining EvilCircle

Now it's time to meet the bad guy — the EvilCircle() ! Our game is only going to involve one evil circle, but we are still going to define it using a constructor that inherits from Shape() , to give you some practice. You might want to add another circle to the app later on that can be controlled by another player, or have several computer-controlled evil circles. You're probably not going to take over the world with a single evil circle, but it will do for this assessment.

Create a definition for an EvilCircle class. It should inherit from 形状 使用 extends .

EvilCircle constructor

The constructor for EvilCircle should:

be passed just x , y arguments
pass the x , y arguments up to the 形状 superclass along with values for velX and velY hardcoded to 20. You should do this with code like super(x, y, 20, 20);
set color to white and size to 10 .

Finally, the constructor should set up the code enabling the user to move the evil circle around the screen:

window.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
  switch(e.key) {
    case 'a':
      this.x -= this.velX;
      break;
    case 'd':
      this.x += this.velX;
      break;
    case 'w':
      this.y -= this.velY;
      break;
    case 's':
      this.y += this.velY;
      break;
  }
});

This adds a keydown event listener to the window object so that when a key is pressed, the event object's key property is consulted to see which key is pressed. If it is one of the four specified keys, then the evil circle will move left/right/up/down.

Defining methods for EvilCircle

EvilCircle class should have three methods, as described below.

draw()

This method has the same purpose as the draw() 方法对于 Ball : it draws the object instance on the canvas. The draw() 方法对于 EvilCircle will work in a very similar way, so you can start by copying the draw() 方法对于 Ball . You should then make the following changes:

We want the evil circle to not be filled in, but rather just have an outer line (stroke). You can achieve this by updating fillStyle and fill() to strokeStyle and stroke() .
We also want to make the stroke a bit thicker, so you can see the evil circle a bit more easily. This can be achieved by setting a value for lineWidth somewhere after the beginPath() call (3 will do).

checkBounds()

This method will do the same thing as the first part of the update() 方法对于 Ball — look to see whether the evil circle is going to go off the edge of the screen, and stop it from doing so. Again, you can mostly just copy the update() 方法对于 Ball , but there are a few changes you should make:

Get rid of the last two lines — we don't want to automatically update the evil circle's position on every frame, because we will be moving it in some other way, as you'll see below.
Inside the if() statements, if the tests return true we don't want to update velX / velY ; we want to instead change the value of x / y so the evil circle is bounced back onto the screen slightly. Adding or subtracting (as appropriate) the evil circle's size property would make sense.

collisionDetect()

This method will act in a very similar way to the collisionDetect() 方法对于 Ball method, so you can use a copy of that as the basis of this new method. But there are a couple of differences:

In the outer if statement, you no longer need to check whether the current ball in the iteration is the same as the ball that is doing the checking — because it is no longer a ball, it is the evil circle! Instead, you need to do a test to see if the ball being checked exists (with which property could you do this with?). If it doesn't exist, it has already been eaten by the evil circle, so there is no need to check it again.
In the inner if statement, you no longer want to make the objects change color when a collision is detected — instead, you want to set any balls that collide with the evil circle to not exist any more (again, how do you think you'd do that?).

Bringing the evil circle into the program

Now we've defined the evil circle, we need to actually make it appear in our scene. To do this, you need to make some changes to the loop() 函数。

First of all, create a new evil circle object instance (specifying the necessary parameters). You only need to do this once, not on every iteration of the loop.
At the point where you loop through every ball and call the draw() , update() ，和 collisionDetect() functions for each one, make it so that these functions are only called if the current ball exists.
Call the evil ball instance's draw() , checkBounds() ，和 collisionDetect() methods on every iteration of the loop.

Implementing the score counter

To implement the score counter, follow the following steps:

In your HTML file, add a <p> element just below the <h1> element containing the text "Ball count: ".

In your CSS file, add the following rule at the bottom:

p {
  position: absolute;
  margin: 0;
  top: 35px;
  right: 5px;
  color: #aaa;
}

In your JavaScript, make the following updates:
- Create a variable that stores a reference to the paragraph.
- Keep a count of the number of balls on screen in some way.
- Increment the count and display the updated number of balls each time a ball is added to the scene.
- Decrement the count and display the updated number of balls each time the evil circle eats a ball (causes it not to exist).

Assessment or further help

If you would like your work assessed, or are stuck and want to ask for help:

Put your work into an online shareable editor such as CodePen , jsFiddle ，或 Glitch .
Write a post asking for assessment and/or help at the MDN Discourse forum Learning category . Your post should include:
- A descriptive title such as "Assessment wanted for Adding bouncing balls features".
- Details of what you have already tried, and what you would like us to do, e.g. if you are stuck and need help, or want an assessment.
- A link to the example you want assessed or need help with, in an online shareable editor (as mentioned in step 1 above). This is a good practice to get into — it's very hard to help someone with a coding problem if you can't see their code.
- A link to the actual task or assessment page, so we can find the question you want help with.

In this module

Object basics
对象原型
Object-oriented programming concepts
Classes in JavaScript
Working with JSON data
Object building practice
Adding features to our bouncing balls demo

发现此页面有问题吗？

编辑在 GitHub
源在 GitHub
Report a problem with this content on GitHub
想要自己修复问题吗？见我们的贡献指南 .

最后修改： Jan 31, 2022 , 由 MDN 贡献者

内容表